All rights reserved. Fractional-charge quarks can neither be isolated nor observed. The magnitude of energy intervals between two energy levels (= between 2p3/2 and 2p1/2 in hydrogen, and between 3p3/2 and 3p1/2 in sodium ) in fine structure is known to be proportional to Z4 (= Z denotes the average entire central charge putting a positive nucleus and all inner negative electrons together, except for one valence electron ) and inversely proportional to n3 (= n is valence electron's quantum number ). So all quantum mechanical researchers are doing now is just measure classical electromagnetic properties such as electric conductance, resistance and absorption of light, and intentionally try to associate those actually-observed physical phenomena with fictitious quantum mechanical model such as quasiparticles with unreal mass or charge. It is left for this chapter’s Problems and Exercises to show that the Bohr radius is a B = h 2 4π 2 m e kq e 2 = 0.529 × 10 − 10 m . First, black hole cannot be formed. was originally derived by classical Maxwell theory based on electromagnetic wave propagating in the medium, and Einstein stealed and "copied" the original Maxwell mc2 in the wrong way. The value of Z = +3.54e ( instead of 1 ) needed for generating very wide sodium fine structure energy splitting is unrealistic, so electron spin has nothing to do with fine structure energy splitting or anomalous Zeeman effect in sodium. ). Einstein mass energy relation mc2 was said to be involved in massive nuclear energy as seen in atomic bombs. Figure 1: Experimental Constant Adjustment. In the numerator, we change length unit from MM into meter using the relation 1 MM = 10-14 meter. In 1 × de Broglie wavelength, an atom can have up to two orbits like helium. Radius of Bohr's orbit in hydrogen and hydrogen like species can be calculated by using the following formula. According to Bohr's model, the radius of the second orbit of helium atom is. However, one can use the form described in [Eq. If an atom tries to contain more than two orbits of 1 × de Broglie wavelength, an electron is expelled by destructive interference of opposite phase of other electrons' de Broglie waves. One of the most influential factors in why the Bohr and Bohr-like models were abandoned was due to the discrepancies between experimental data and theoretical predictions. = There are No exact solutions or wavefunctions of any multi-electron atoms in quantum mechanics. New York, NY: Wiley, Staff Tools | Contact Us | Privacy Policy | Terms. And So there is No evidence indicating that quantum mechanical unphysical model is right in regard to atomic energy levels. Coulomb repulsion must be considered also in Kr with 4 × de Broglie wavelength orbtis, and each orbit contains 3 electrons and 1 hole in Kr 6 orbits (= total valence electrons are 3 × 6 = 18 in Kr ). Quantum mechanics can only describe each many-electron material as nonphysical band model which allegedly contains only one single pseudo-electron with fake (= effective ) mass, quasi-momentum and energy. Kinetic energy is defined as mass times the square of velocity of a particle, so kinetic energy can never be negative, unless a particle's velocity becomes an imaginary number ( when kinetic energy is negative = 1/2mv2 < 0, the velocity v is an imaginary number. In this Helium model, electrons do a U-turn when another de Broglie wave is midpoint between electron's same and opposite phases (= midpoint is just between wave crest and trough ), as shown in lower orbits in Fig.80. The initial x coordinate of electron 2 becomes -3060 MM, automatically (= because, two electrons are symmetrical around the helium nucleus ). Where . The point is a wave crest of one electron's orbit needs to cross the opposite phase (= trough ) of another electron's orbit, one to one. ← too good to be true ! But only when a wavefunction has basic " cos" or "sin" form, it holds true. Based on calculation of Coulomb force in each position, we slightly change the electron's velocity vector and position at intervals of 1 SS (= 10-23 seconds ) until the electron moves one quarter of its orbit. But correctly, Higgs boson has nothing to do with mass, so LHC research is meaningless, again. In conclusion, the current so-called quantum computer is useless, Not a calculator or computer at all, their research is deadend, making No progress except for the media's fake news misleading people into believing (fictional) quantum computer may be realized in near future. Hydrogen 2p energy level is split into two 2p3/2 and 2p1/2 states, which small energy splitting (= called fine structure ) is said to be caused by relativistic effect = spin-orbit interaction. On the other hand, sodium fine structure energy splitting is very big = energy difference between 3p3/2 and 3p1/2 is as big as 0.0021 eV. Not Only when many electrons are accelerated and colliding with each other in a disorderly way, as seen in alternating currents, they radiate and lose energy. It is more natural to think this very wide energy splitting in sodium fine structure is caused by "Coulomb electric interaction" between inner electrons and an outer electron, Not by fictional relativistic spin-orbit magnetic interaction. Because precession speed is inversely proportional to angular momentum as seen in gyroscope, so as a neutron's angular momentum increases from quantum mechanical 1/2 to classical 1, precession velocity decreases from 720o to 360o rotation. Therefore, Schrödinger equation for multi-electron atoms can never find true solution, no matter what forms of fake solutions you choose, and this fact proves quantum mechanics is intrinsically false. Here we explain why the maximum number of 1 × de Broglie wavelength orbits contained in an atom is two (= due to Pauli exclusion principle ). ↑ So if Einstein relativistic mass relation is true, various different lights with different wavelengths cannot have different energies or momentums. "QED (= quantum electrodynamics ) is the most successful theory to predict unbelievably accurate physical values." As shown here, we prove when two electron orbits of 1 × de Broglie wavelength cross each other perpendicularly, they give surprisingly accurate energy results in all two-electron atoms and ions ! where me is electron's original mass = 9.10938 × 10-31 kg. Suppose we split classical light into two lights with the same polarizations (= whether those two lights have vertical-vertical light polarization or horizontal-horizonal polarization is unknown ). Instead, the predominant interaction is known as the (unphysical) exchange interaction ( this p.4, 5 ).". On the other hand, Bohr-Sommerfeld fine structure does Not need to rely on too many unnatural coincidences, hence, we can safely say quantum mechanical fine structure model is illogical and incorrect. Hydrogen fine structure energy splitting is very small = energy difference between 2p3/2 and 2p1/2 is only 0.000045 eV. (Fig.32)   Quantum mechanics cannot handle multi-electron material. Solution: 1st orbit of H … In Schrodinger equation of hydrogen atom, the sum of an electron's kinetic energy and Coulomb potential energy equals total energy E.  ← This total energy E value must be constant and conserved in any electron's positions inside an atom. When an electron (= electron phase, crest ) crosses the opposite phase (= trough ) of another electron perpendicularly, this pair of crest and trough de Broglie waves becomes "neutral phase" which cannot affect other electrons any longer by destructive interference. (Fig.56)  ↓ Entanglement is nonsense, Not science ! Coincidentally, Krypton has 18 valece electrons, 18 is a multiple of 6. "Higgs field" around us is supposed to be invisible and undetectable whatever instruments are used. How could physicists conclude that such illusory quasiparticles were found ? ← Observers' motion has nothing to do with an observed charge's motion or magnetic field generation. But this is untrue, and quantum entanglement or spooky action can never have practical application. Despite extremely long time research, black hole is still useless, cannot be confirmed directly, because imaginary black holes are too far away from the earth to reach. But if an atom contains more than the maximum number of orbits, this symmetrical "neutral phase" is broken, and destructive interference of de Broglie waves occurs, and electrons' motions become unstable. Table 4 shows three-electron atoms and ions such as lithium, Be+, B2+, C3+, N4+ .. PREFACE The subject of interest of this paper is with the help of the Bohr-like orbit on double surface 1 to relate the effective nuclear charge number of the Bohr-like atom to the concerned atom radius. ↓. Each orbit can contain only one electron because of 1 × wavelength. ← But "calculation" is Not a right word, because Schrödinger equation has No ability to predict any physical values by "calculation". This is clearly a paradox, so Einstein relativity is false. ← "Perpendicular crossing" means these e1 and e3 same-phase (= crest-crest ) orbits do not affect each other (= so, originally, e1 electron should cross the opposite phase of e3 electron perpendicularly ). We prepared three types of computer programs to do the same caculation of Helium orbits; JAVA ( version 1.5.0 ), simple C languages and Python ( 2.7 ), as shown in the link below. Sample JAVA program to compute H2 molecule. Video explains how to use the Periodic Table components to create a Helium Atom Bohr Model. (Fig.21)  ↓ One electron exists in both H-atoms a and b at once ? energy levels to lower 3s1/2 energy levels. In quantum mechanical Dirac hydrogen, if two different orbitals have the same total angular momentum j (= the sum of orbital angular momentum l and spin s expressed as j = l + s, this p.11 ), these two different orbitals are supposed to have exactly the same energy level (= lucky coincidence ) without showing detailed physical mechanism except nonphysical math. But the current unrealistic quantum mechanics never even admits de Broglie wave as real waves or useful tool, and the concept of real force is Not available in impractical quantum mechanics. Lastly, you are asked to input the distance between two nuclei of H2 molecule (= experimental value of H2 internuclear distance is 0.7414 Å ). 1 × wavelength orbit consists of electron's phase (= thin line ) and its opposite phase (= thick line ) in the upper figure. A photon is just light wave. Helium . These kinds of particle collision and cloud chamber experiments are very dirty and chaotic where isolating and confirming only a very rare, unstable particle such as antiparticles are impossible. Both these gravitational and centrifugal potential time dilations depend only on the distance r between each satellite and the earth center ( this p.19 ), which is the same in two satellites moving in the same orbit. When Helium contains two orbits of 1 × de Broglie wavelength, electrons can avoid destructive interference with other electrons' de Broglie wave of opposite phases and do a U-turn safely at other electrons' neutral midpoints (= a point just between crest and trough of one de Broglie wavelength orbit, this midpoint between the opposite phases does Not affect or destroy other electron's waves ). Because there are many factors and different patterns leading to those random numbers. e3 ) is surrounded by opposite wave phases of other two orbits (= opposite phase thick lines of e1, e2 surrounds and expels electron e3 ) as shown in lower figure of Fig.81. So if a single accelerated electron really radiates and loses energy while it orbits around a nucleus, this single electron must be like a fictitious spherical conductor which collects and packs many smaller negative charges into a single electron's tiny body. The so-called quantum internet, information and communication are all useless and Not faster than ordinary internet. (Fig.20)  No solution → just "choose" fake solution ! But quantum mechanics makes these great technologies useless. Quantum mechanics claims the 3rd electron of lithium cannot enter inner 1s orbital, instead, the 3rd electron is kicked out to outer 2s orbital against strong Coulomb attraction of the nucleus, due to mysterious repulsive force called Pauli exclusion principle allegedly acting between two electron spins. where (VX, VY) are x and y components of electron-1's velocity ( unit 1 MM/SS = 109 meter/sec ), the numerator of the right side of above equation Fig.75 means the moving distance (in meter) for 1 SS. But when it contains four orbits of 1 × de Broglie wavelength, electrons are expelled , surrounded by other opposite wave phases, which is a realistic mechanism of Pauli exclusion principle. The maximum number of 1 × de Broglie wavelength orbits contained in a single atom proves to be up to two like helium atom. (Fig.8)  Hydrogen shows "normal Zeeman effect" without spin. Photoelectric effect has a close relationship with light wave frequency which equals light speed divided by light wavelength. Hint: Helium has only 2 protons. The experimental value of helium ground state energy is -79.005147 eV (= 1st + 2nd ionization energies, Nist, CRC ). So the misconception that "accelerating" electron losing energy does Not apply to the Bohr model, as long as its electron is moving in an orderly and stable way conserving total energy between a nucleus and an electron, avoiding destructive interference of electron's de Broglie wave. Even now, academia and journals continue to invent new illusory quasiparticles in vain to explain various physical phenomena which useless quantum mechanics cannot explain using real particles. Obtain the first Bohr's radius and the ground state energy of a muonic hydrogen atom [i.e, an atom in which a negatively charged muon (μ −) of mass … So quantum mechanics gave up solving Schrödinger equation, and it just chooses All these orbits are one de Broglie's wavelength. ). Even if we insert light's zero rest mass ( m =0 ) and constant light speed v = c into Einstein relativistic energy and momentum relation, contradictory things happen = any light waves with any different wavelengths (= which should have different light energies and momentums ) turn out to have the same common constant light energy and momentum regardless of light wavelengths or frequencies. ↑ So this weird electron has negative kinetic energy in radial direction and positive kinetic energy in angular direction simultaneously, which chimera-like thing is impossible in a real physical particle. Different from this useless unrealistic quantum mechanics, our new atomic model using real moving electrons, real forces (= Coulomb and Pauli repulsion ) can be easily used in all other applied science such as medicine. But there is No way to estimate black hole size except that they falsely claim "rapid X-rays brightness fluctuation" may indicate black hole is very small. As you see, unscientific quantum mechanics has given up pursuing deeper physical mechanism for a long time, fearing many self-contradictions and unrealistic aspect inherent in quantum mechanics will be exposed, when we start to look into true underlying mechanism. and is the Bohr radius. Textbooks often insist Einstein photoelectric effect proved light is a (fictitious) photon particle. In fact, even mathematically, relativistic QED calculation of Lamb shift was known to be invalid and false ( this p.5 upper,  this p.4 ). Other more abundant stable particles such as electrons and protons are more likely to be detected and easily mistaken for one of illusory rare antiparticles. If the textbook's explanation that every accelerating electron becomes unstable losing energy is right, even quantum mechanical electron which also has kinetic energy (= so quantum mechanical electron is also moving around accelerated by a nucleus ! ) Two 1 × de Broglie wavelength electron orbits must cross each other perpendicularly to avoid cancellation by destructive interference. In Bohr’s model, radius a n of the orbit n is given by the formula a n = h 2 n 2 ε 0 /π 2, where ε 0 is the electric constant. The ground state energy from [Eq. ← nonsense. The total energy of this fictitious lithium of three 1s electrons becomes much lower = -230 eV (= -8.4609 Eh, this p.2 ). And by illuminating various materials with classical laser lights and measuring the optical response, physicists jumped to the wrong conclusion that they might have found (unreal) negative mass, charge-orbit separation ( this 4th paragraph ), massless pseudo-particle ( this 8th paragraph ), and solar cells driven by illusory quasiparticles.. Such a quantum mechanical band model with energy-momentum space has No concept of each particle's position (= where each electron exists is uncertain forever ). This repulsive force by Pauli exclusion principle must be strong enough to cancel out Coulomb attraction. In 1980s, this fictional 26-dimensional string theory incorporating another fictional theory called supersymmetry turned into new theory of everything called superstring theory which still has 10 extra-dimensions. Here, the plus sign in Equation corresponds to the spin-singlet state, whereas the minus sign corresponds to the spin-triplet state.The integral --which is known as the direct integral--is obviously positive.The integral --which is known as the exchange integral--can be shown also to be positive. Each orbit crosses another orbit perpendicularly in the center line P as shown in Fig.87 (= 2 orbits ). (Fig.5)   Quantum mechanics needs unrealistic electron spin. ↑ This means QED just artificially chooses But the magnetic interaction between two electron spins is too weak to explain powerful Pauli exclusion force. The current cosmology claims the entire universe is expanding by fictional dark energy with unreal negative pressure, which is said to be Not diluted even by the space expansion. As a result, using classical light wave and electron's de Broglie wave, a real electron can naturally absorb and emit real light wave in photoelectric effect conserving energy and momentum, without relying on unreal virtual photons of quantum mechanics. Dirac equation = relativistic version of quantum mechanics uses unphysical "spin" whose spinning speed must far exceed light speed c to generate the observed magnetic field, hence its relativistic spin contradicts Einstein relativity which forbids any faster-than-light motion. Lithium with one valence electron is also known to show normal Zeeman effect pattern called "Paschen-Back effect ( this lower ).". Electrons spin is unrealistic and cannot explain the maximum valence electrons' number. Google quantum computer allegedly achieving "supremacy" is also useless, not faster, because all they did was just "output random disorderly numbers" (= Not computing any meaningful numbers, hence Not a calculator or computer at all ). This is a realistic mechanism of Pauli repulsive force in molecules which cannot bind to more external electrons than the maximum number of electrons determined by de Broglie wavelength. In Einstein relativistic world, there is No such thing as an absolute value, hence everything is relative and appears to be affected and changed by observer's motion ! Pauli exclusion principle claims that the lowest 1s energy state can contain only two orbitals. The current astronomy focuses only on fictional science saying this cosmic microwave may indicate fantasy parallel universes. When an excited atomic electron moves back from higher energy to lower energy levels, it emits the amount of energy equal to the difference between two energy levels, which was detected as "emitted lights" with frequencies (= showing the magnitude of energy separation between excited and lower energy levels ) called spectral lines. An orbit of 2 × de Broglie wavelength contains more pairs of wave crest (= electron ) and trough (= opposite phase ) than an orbit of 1 × de Broglie wavelength, so Neon can contain as many as four orbits ( without destructive interference ), such four orbits were impossible in Helium of two 1 × de Broglie wavelength orbits. In case of more orbits than the maximum number contained in an atom, some intersection points contain the abnormal same electron-electron (= crest-crest ) phase (ex. Einstein relativity obstinately refusing to accept real medium needs unreal virtual particles with imaginary mass as fictitious force carriers, and parallel worlds for explaining a single electron interference. Pauli exclusion principle is known to generate mysterious powerful repulsive force enough to resist Coulomb force and exclude the 3rd electron of lithium to outer orbit, involving electron spin. A singly ionized helium ion has only one electron and is denoted He +. But in fact, Helium atom is known to produce small magnetic field (= Helium is diamagnetic ). Question: According To The Bohr Model, How Does The Radius Of The N=4 Orbit Of Singly Ionized Helium (He+, Z=2) Compare To The Radius Of The N=4 Orbit Of Hydrogen? But an electron cannot emit or absorb a photon with different ratios of momentum to energy by conserving both momentum and energy, so a virtual photon interacting with a real electron has to have unreal imaginary mass to conserve both total momentum and energy. We can calculate the energy required to ionize the first electron by starting with the kinetic energy of one electron [Eq. In this fictional quantum mechanical world, a cat can be dead and alive simultaneously while we are not observing it. As shown in Fig.22 middle, the wavefunction is divided into two parts; electron's space part (= Schrödinger equation ) and spin part. When you run this program ( for example, JAVA ) in command prompt, the following sentences are displayed on the screen. Quantum mechanics is so crazy and unrealistic that still Nobody understands weird quantum mechanics, though 100 years have passed since its foundation. Later, quantum mechanics also used de Broglie wave theory and got exactly the same results as Bohr model. But this bent light is much more easily and naturally explained by light refraction by dusts and molecules around stars. Fig.18 is hydrogen's 1s, 2s and 3s wave functions. one quarter of the orbit. But in fact, this sodium D line has nothing to do with electon spin from the beginning, which means anomalous Zeeman effect has nothing to do with spin, either. Without space medium, quantum mechanics has to rely on unreal virtual particles with imaginary mass as fictitious force carrier ( this p.3 ). and expanding universe are just fantasy. Because the effect of electron's mass increase (= though it's impossible ) by increasing kinetic energy was first proposed by classical Maxwell theory ( energy = mc2 was first proposed by Maxwell, Not Einstein ). classical magnetic dipole-dipole interaction is too weak to explain it ( this p.7 ).". God particle Higgs boson allegedly discovered in LHC is said to give "mass" to other particles. ← From the viewpoint of 2p electron (= rest frame of an electron ), the hydrogen nucleus unrealistically appears to be moving around the fake stationary electron (= though, such an unphysical thing never happens ) according to irrational Einstein relativity. (= obtained by assuming fictitious spin-orbit interaction causes very wide Na fine structure energy splitting ). (Fig.71) Distances among two electrons and nucleus. Because Schrödinger equation always has to include unrealistic zero orbital angular momentum, where an electron crashes into a nucleus, moving in a linear orbit. ( this p.13 ). When an atom contains only two orbits of 1 × de Broglie wavelength like real helium atom, an electron is never surrounded by two opposite-phase de Broglie waves of other two electrons like Fig.81 lower figure. For example, they just misinterpreted some measured "electric conductance" as a result of fictitious "fractional-charge quasiparticles.". For example, when a neutron decays into a proton and an electron in beta decay, fictitious weak force and virtual weak (= W ) boson are said to be generated in this neutron beta decay. (Fig.11) Na+ ion average charge is Z = 1.84 diagreeing with spin. (1)] to fit the experimental data more accurately, as demonstrated in Figure 1. → No Lorentz magnetic force caused by observer's movement. ← So the electron spin diagrees with facts. Unnecessary elementary particles such as muons are said to be very unstable, short-lived, easily decaying into other real particles (or wave ) such as electrons and neutrinos (= hence, an easily-decaying muon is Not an elementary particle but just a transient composite particle or high-energy electrons or protons whose motions are constantly changing by being scattered by other particles inside colliders like fictitious effective masses ). Irrational quantum mechanical rule forces all electrons to be indistinguishable, existing in all different atoms simultaneously. (10)] to fit a series of spectral lines that could appear in helium’s spectrum. This is a realistic mechanism of Pauli exclusion repulsion based on real force and force carrier (= surrounding "medium" causing destructive interference between multiple de Broglie waves corresponds to force carrier, which is lacking in unrealistic quantum mechanical Pauli principle ). The point is the current so-called quantum computer is Not a calculator or computer at all. We can think of other more realistic possibilities such as an electron and nuclear tiny fluctuation or something. Now compare the n 2 /Z values of orbits for given species with that of hydrogen's first orbit to get the answer. (Fig.65) Initial states. This means all other fictitious quasiparticles such as phonon ( this p.4 ), Cooper pair, Bogoliubov quasiparticle ( this p.9 ) and exciton ( this p.3 ) are also expressed as nonphysical math symbols with No physical figure. In order to develop theory in this too unphysical and abstract quantum field equation, physicists had no choice but to increase many illusory elementary particles like quasi-particles in condensed matter. Just "outputting random numbers" is easy like in these researches. ← There is No direct evidence of quantum mechanical parallel worlds or superposition where a thing can be in two different places at once. 1 × de Broglie wavelength contains a pair of opposite phases of wave crest (= containing an electron particle ) and trough which part contains no electron (= to be correct, de Broglie wave is a kind of longitudinal wave through medium ). This is ridiculous. Sodium (= Na ) also has one valence electron like hydrogen (= H ), so sodium D-line, where 3p Na energy level splits into two 3p1/2 and 3p3/2 states, is said to be due to the same (fictional) spin-orbit interaction as hydrogen's fine structure splitting. Instead of accepting Einstein ridiculous idea that electron's mass can increase without absorbing anything (= violate mass conservation ), we can say, as an electron moves faster, it faces more resistance from surrounding medium, and becomes harder to move, which increasing resistance from surrounding medium is detected as a seeming increasing electron's pseudo-mass effect. This nuclear energy is a kind of "potential (= Not kinetic ) energy" like Coulomb potential energy which has nothing to do with an object's motion or velocity associated with Einstein relativistic (= kinetic ) energy affected by observer's motion. But in the case of two satellites moving in the same orbit (= both satellites experience the same constant gravity ) in the direction perpendicular to the earth's gravity, it cannot use gravitational time dilation canceling out moving clock's time dilation, so twin paradox appears. Percent error is calculated based on the experimental lines that these could represent, shown in Table 1 (Richard & Peter, 2000). This value is -54.41531 eV. But from the viewpoint of an observer moving rightward ( upper figure right ), the external positive charge appears to be moving leftward, hence, experiences downward Lorentz ORBITAL ENERGY OF HELIUM The purpose of this brief note is to show what happens if one assumes two electrons in neutral helium are diametrically opposite in a single circular orbit. This is a serious problem, hence, quantum mechanics has to find some other dirty tricks to lower total energy for forming fictitious molecular bond without lowering Coulomb potential energy which is unavailable for quantum electron spreading cloud. ← Though the observer does Not even touch an object. Because as an electron moves farther away from the nucleus ( r → ∞ ), Coulomb potential energy becomes higher than total energy. Because a nucleus (= proton ) is much bigger and heavier than a tiny electron ( angular momentum = mvr where nuclear mass m and raidus r are far bigger than those of an electron ).
True Story Of Dunsmore, Mmd Sour Models, Chanel Inspired Earrings Aliexpress, Daniel Di Tomasso, How To Get Majin Buu's Clothes In Xenoverse,